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THE TRANSFER OF KLEOPATRA SELENE from Alexandria to Rome to Iol transferred Ptolemaic tradition to the West Mediterranean. Juba convergently carried on the Numidian tradition that claimed Carthaginian Egyptian heritage and pharoanic succession of Egypt. We do not hear of his asserting this, but he fell in the Numidian royal lineage of Masinissa's son Micipsa who, probably after his two brothers whom Rome had confirmed with him as co-kings died, sent an Egyptian-style gold plaque overseas proclaiming in Libyan his succession as king of Numidia and pharoah of Egypt, which neither Carthage nor Ptolemaic Egypt could then contradict. Fell translated this plaque from Paul Cheesman's photo of it in the astounding collection of Padre Carlo Crespi consisting largely of his parishioners' finds in the vicinity of Cuenca, Ecuador.

Fell assumed Cuenca already an Inca outpost, which it did not become for another millennium. How this imposing communique got from either the Amazon or Caribbean to Ecuador remains a mystery but proves Numidians learned the Carthaginian secret way to America along with Egyptian religion, Punic language--civilization. The elephant logo over the Numidian king's slogan styling himself earth-supporter and quaker in elegant Libyan at Cuenca which recurs in Burrows-Stone variants shows not copying but that tradition. The Midwest Epigraphic Society reported a bronze coin of Micipsa found in Ohio [1986].

Pliny recorded that Juba explored the nine Fortunate Isles (Canaries) which before this voyage Romans had known only two. His brother-in-law Alexander Helios, who (with Philadelphos if he were alive) surely accompanied the entourage to Spain and around to Iol with Augustus 25 B.C., must have followed up Juba's Canary voyage with royal-Mauretanian blessing, to America c.20 B.C. when he was 20.

The birth of his nephew Ptolemy that year to Juba and Selene removed Alexander as next in line and could have precipitated his overseas adventure. (No record survives of the death of Philadelphos, or anything of him beyond Octavius' sparing his life. The name has not appeared on Burrows Stones.)

PTOLEMY duly succeeded to the throne of Mauretania 23 A.D.--Ptolemy XV if executed teenager Caesarion counts as XIV. Mad Caligula invited him to Rome 40 A.D. and had him assassinated on his way back, at Lyon in Gaul, to expropriate the Mauretanian treasury, which Ptolemy's palace guard likely commandeered ahead of him (and taken to America?). A Roman army under Claudius' general Suetonius Paulinus inevitably put down the 41-42-A.D. Mauretanian revolt, pursuing refugees and a stubborn insurgent rearguard over the Atlas Mts. to the Sahara, surely driving a boat-people horde from the Morocco coast to sea.

Alexander Helios would not have led them across at age 82. They would however have sailed the same route as he, ultimately to his Illinois-Country kingdom where, in the farthest north crypt of the Egyptian royal mausoleum he had been laid within a gold sarcophagus on a great stone slab like his namesake Alexander the Great at Alexandria.

FELL DETECTED THE GREEK in Micmac as Ptolemaic but could not account for Ptolemaic voyaging to NE America. He also detected Greek in the Cypriote he recognized in Cherokee and Abnaki. Cypriote inscriptions in the Americas, e.g. the Metcalf Stone discovered at Ft. Benning, Ga., which had been thought Minoan Linear A, must be Cypriote (Linear C) adapted, like Mycenaean Linear B from Luvian Linear A, which Fell deciphered as well as its predecessor pictographic form on the Phaistos Disk. Cypriote survived, particularly at Paphos, SW Cyprus, into Roman times. The Ptolemies dominated Cyprus till Ptolemy XI's brother who was king of Cyprus declined to bribe Pompey and Caesar.

Kokopelli

LET US NOTE the obvious but (therefore?) unrecognized transmission to America (not to Algonquins, however) of tales about Selene's grandfather (Kleopatra VII's father) Dionysos Ptolemy XI "Auletes" (Aulos-player, mistranslated "flute"; the double-reed aulos was an oboe). Debauched Auletes, bastard son of Ptolemy VI, may have taken up the aulos by suggestion of his name Dionysos--an aulos the sole accompaniment of Classical tragedy. American tribes knew flutes. They called Auletes Kokopelli in Tewa of San Juan (native name Ohke, which in Algonquin means "earth") and four other Rio Grande pueblos north of Santa Fe, plus a village on the Hopi East Mesa of Arizona.

Kokopelli sounds Central Asiatic, and Tewa, though derivable from tehwa ("house") suggests Li-Pan Apaches of New Mexico self-called Teya, a familiar tribal name in Tarim oases, Tibetan Xi-Xia, and among Gobi nomads, also a Loucheux family name of Ft. McPherson, West Arctic, Canada [Stewart 1991, 1995].

Artists afar represented Kokopelli tooting a long end-blown flute (recorder) in the comical/divine character of both Auletes (who as pharoah became a god at death) and the god Dionysos, associated with lecherous drunken abandon. The detachable hump in desert-SW American drawings represented bribes for a bride [cf. Norman Totten 1983]--in real life bribes of Roman senators and a governor of Syria to remain in and return to power. Alexandrians ridiculed him; the whole Mediterranean echoed. On restoration by a Roman army, he slew his daughter Berenice, who had ruled in his absence. Thus Kleopatra at 17 stood next in perilous line when he died 52 B.C. at 44.

KOKOPELLI permeated only Plains Algonquins, yet underscores a Ptolemaic connection with America in the Roman period. Pineapple depicted at Pompeii; Roman amphorae from a sunk ship back of Rio harbor; a Roman chalice unearthed at Clarkesville, Va. from an 18-inch depth; Roman lamps from Connecticut and the Coosa River, Ala.; a Roman figurine-head from Calixtlahuaca Round Pyramid; flat fired Roman bricks at Comalcalco; Roman coins found widely (N.M., Ohio, N.C., etc.); a Roman-period medallion of the Athenian Italian colony Thourion on the Red River near Terral, Okla.; etc. suggest Rome did not remain as ignorant of the overseas Carthaginian Empire or Numidian/Mauretanian knowledge of it as assumed.

A Roman presence, like Carthaginian or Egyptian, would probably mean seafaring subjects--in Rome's case Gauls, Libyans, Greeks, Numidians, Mauretanians, Iberians, Jews, Syrians, Arabs. Julius Caesar marveled at oceangoing ships of Veneti on the Gallic coast, superior to Roman; but notice that with "landlubber" Romans he conquered Britain by sea. The Great Bend prayer to Mithras by a lost, desperately sick party one December inscribed in Libyan (one line Lykian) whose style Fell dated c.300 A.D. likely memorialized a Libyan detail of the prevailingly Mithraistic Roman army. Ships of the imperial fleet stationed in the English Channel may have strayed too far chasing Irish pirates or got caught in a storm off Cornwall that hurled them into the Gulf Stream inescapably. To get to the English Channel in the first place required Atlantic voyaging from Tangier or Cadiz, vulnerable to southern s well as northern storms.

When Trajan withdrew most Roman garrisons from Palestine 115 A.D. to secure his annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia, Jews rose, first in Kyrene, massacring Greeks in great numbers, then throughout the eastern Mediterranean and into Parthia. Trajan's successor Hadrian precipitated the widespread Bar Kokhba Revolt of 3 1/2 years before its exterminative suppression and destruction of Jerusalem, 134. Cassius Dio reported 50 fortresses and 985 villages destroyed and 580,000 men killed, excluding deaths by famine and pestilence.Jews in every Mediterranean and Aegean port who foresaw doom would have had access to ships, which would have had to sail appallingly far to escape Roman jurisdiction, carrying Greek koine as well as Hebrew, Latin, sometimes Egyptian and Arabic. Adm. Q. Marcus Turbo, who retook Cyprus, Kyrene, and Egypt from Jews 17 years before, received the governorship of Mauretania for putting down Jews there who joined the Bar Kokhba uprising.

Bar Kokhba coins have turned up at three Kentucky sites and one coin in Missouri (on the bottom of the St. Francis, a tributary of the Mississippi), together with the Bat Creek Stone inscribed "Year 1 [132] of the Golden Age of the Jews" [Gordon 1971] which the Smithsonian published upside down as Cherokee (the Clay City, Ky. coin is dated Year 2 of Simeon [Bar Kokhba]). The Los Lunas Samaritan Ten Commandments may reflect the same refugee movement. Arnold Murray translated a Hebrew curse-prayer on a Burrows Stone in Bat-Creek script (1995). Zena Halpern (1995) identified a triangle-based menorah on a Burrows Stone as a rare type known only 1st century B.C./A.D., along with a shofar, harp, and lute beside the portrait of a pharoah identified in Egyptian hieroglyphics (Seqy?). Roman coins found widely in America date preponderantly from the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-61) and later--the latest ones struck by Valerian (253-60) and by his co-ruling son Gallienus, who reigned another eight years after Valerian's capture by Persians before his own assassination--suggesting a relationship between Roman reverse and boat-people flight to America. Drastic economic deprivation, militaristic lawless brutality, constant war, depopulating plague, Barbarian invasions--no need to itemize the horrors. In 429 80,000 Vandals spilled suddenly into the Mediterranean unopposed.

White-marble Alexandria, with its 2,200,000 multinational population, Sun and Moon Gates of yore, 2,000 palaces, 9,000 baths, 400 theaters, and (in the neighborhood) 600 monasteries, still throve in the Greek half of the Roman Empire a major metropolis at the 7th century Sassanid-Persian and Islamic-Arab successive assaults. Arabs took Alexandria 8 Nov. 641 and, joined by ten times as many Berbers, raced all the way to North France; held Spain 300 years; retraced Carthaginian predation to the Canaries, Azores, and South America (bringing back maize to Eurasia), while brethren swept the other direction to Indo-China and China, reverberating across both Atlantic and Pacific.

The aberrational voyage of a Libyan fleet from New Guinea to Chile in Years 15-16 of Ptolemy III did not mean extensive Hellenistic navigation of the Pacific. Egyptian/Libyan and South and SE Asian Hindu and Buddhist colonizing of Pacific islands to Hawaii, California, and Peru awaited the Late-Roman period. A massive Maori migration from Java into Polynesia took place late 4th century A.D. Sir Stamford Raffles excavated a Libyan-inscribed votive stele which he did not recognize as Libyan at the Pyramid of Ra on Mt. Lavu, East Java, dated Antioch Era 616 = 304 A.D. [Fell Aug. 1974]. Antioch was one terminus of the Silk Road, which had a sea alternative: Gulf of Suez to Gulf of Tonkin.